Stands require good management and added fertilizer (N) if long production (over 3 years) is intended, and the nutritive value of Rhodes grass can be improved through fertilizer or manure applications. A seeding rate of half a pound of pure live seed (PLS) per acre is recommended. There are also products from Nufarm and CropCare registered for application with an optical sprayer. These options are non-selective, so you will need to take care when spraying or applying near plants you dont want killed. *Product packaging may appear different than what is pictured. Can also be under sown into maize. Nutrition Laboratory, Chiung Mai, Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, G. T. ; Aliyu, R. ; Uguru, J., 2006. Scotts Lawn Builder 750g Superstrike Hot And Dry Lawn Seed. Similarly, digestibility may vary from 80% in very young growth to 40% in older growth. Rhodes grass is suited to both rainfed and irrigated pastures. This is a perennial grass which can reach one half to nearly three meters in height and spreads via stolons. However, after the second cut, the effect of the stage of maturity on intake andin vivodigestibility was less important as these parameters remained high even with mature forage (Mbwile et al., 1997b). The stand should be maintained in a leafy condition by fairly regular cutting or grazing, since feeding value declines rapidly with onset of flowering. Suggestions will appear below the field as you type, Please sign inor create an accountto use Project Lists, Scotts Lawn Builder 1.3kg Seed & Feed Sun & Shade Lawn Seed, Garden Basics 1kg Tough And Hardy Lawn Seed, Scotts Lawn Builder 1.4kg Seed & Feed Couch Lawn Seed, Scotts Lawn Builder 1.4kg Seed & Feed Kikuyu Lawn Seed, Scotts Lawn Builder 1kg Tough Custom Grass Seed, Garden Basics 1kg Lawn Repair Lawn Seed And Fertiliser, Scotts Lawn Builder 1.4kg Lawn Thickener Lawn Seed, Garden Basics 3kg Tough And Hardy Lawn Seed, Munns Professional 2.5kg Kikuyu Lawn Seed Blend, Munns Professional 500g Pure Kikuyu Lawn Seed, Munns Professional 1.1kg Couch Lawn Seed Blend, Hortico 20kg Tough And Drought Hardy Lawn Seed, Munns Professional 1.1kg Kikuyu Lawn Seed Blend, Munns Professional 1.1kg Sun And Shade Premium Lawn Seed Blend, Munns Professional 2.5kg Couch Lawn Seed Blend, Scotts Lawn Builder 1kg Relaxed Custom Grass Seed, Scotts Lawn Builder 1kg Awesome Custom Grass Seed, Munns 25kg Professional Pooch Couch Lawn Seed Mix, Munns 25kg Professional Pixie Sun N Shade Lawn Seed, Munns Professional 1.1kg Quick Fix All Lawns And Patch Repair Premium Seed Blend, Plan out the products you need for your project, Add your completed Project List directly to your cart. In Hawaii, Chloris gayanaclippings were used to make mulch and protect soil from erosion. Tier price discounts will automatically apply to your shopping cart when you purchase the Tropical perennial grasses root depths, growth and water use efficiency. Group A herbicides are very sensitive to plant stress and, like paraquat, good coverage is essential for reliable results. 1. To ensure we give you accurate information about products and stock availability, please set your delivery location. Scotts Lawn Builder 1kg Tough Custom Grass Seed. The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation. Rhodes grass hay cut early (21 days of regrowth) had a high nutritive value, comparable to that of fresh Rhodes grass (Tagari et al., 1977). If you have any questions feel free to conctact us below. Rhodes grass is: perennial very palatable highly productive suited to a wide range of animals and adapted to a large range of soil conditions and soil types. Tropical forages. Rhodes Grass can produce forage for livestock and wildlife, and provide nesting cover for game birds. There are many things to consider when buying seed, and Hancocks staff is happy to help you find the perfect solution for your needs! Used as a pasture plant for both sheep and cattle. It is commonly established from seed. Seed persistence (%) of feathertop Rhodes grass and windmill grass (Chauhan and Manalil, unpublished data) Crop competition effect on weed growth and seed production The digestibility and intake of six varieties of Rhodes grass (, Moore, G., 2006. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. . It has both erect stems and stolons. A quote? Rhodes grass will grow on most well drained soils, providing fertility is adequate. The price shown is per 50 lb. The inflorescence is a single or double whorl of fingerlike racemes up to 15 centimeters long. During the first year of cultivation, livestock should not enter the stand until the secondary root system, which allows grass anchorage in the soil, is well established, otherwise the livestock might uproot the grass and damage the stand. Many growers are using Group A knockdown herbicides but this could be a short-lived option. Product Information Companion species OM digestibility in grazing heifers was higher during the wet season than during the dry season (Abate et al., 1981). A different type of Chloris gayana are tetraploid types. Crow's Foot Grass is generally an annual (lives and dies within a year) and sometimes a short-lived perennial (lives longer than a year). IAEA, Vienna, pp. The effect of grass species on animal performance. Ojeda, F. ; Caceres, O. ; Luis, L. ; Esperance, M. ; Santana, H., 1989. Apply a weedkiller when seed heads begin to form and repeat applications for any regrowth. "Grass weeds" is a term used to describe weeds that are grasses (plants from the Poaceae family) or look like grasses. Its best to control weeds that are actively growing and well before they set seed. I like but this time I can not buy do not understand because it is not available the product for purchase Rhodes Grass seed. In particular, the stems and leaf sheaths of Rhodes grass andCenchrus ciliariscontain a very high amount of NDF and lignin, and have a lowin vitrodigestibility compared to that of most temperate forages. Would you consider donating? Grows well in sandy soils Personal communication. In planting mixtures reduce the rate according to the percent of multiflower false Rhodes grass in the mixture. No matter the project, our international sales team is happy to provide you with a quick quote for bulk seeds delivered anywhere in the world! B. ; Wanyoike, M. M., 1990. rapid response to moisture and temperature. Advice at Bunnings Whether it is an area for your kids to play on, entertaining guests or just something nice to look at, when growing a lawn it's important to. Andrew Storrie, Agronomo agronomist says growers need to look for the Archilles Heel of hard to kill weeds like sowthistle, flaxleaf fleabane and feathertop Rhodes grass. Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used. It typically grows 1.5 m tall and wide, although some can grow to 3 m tall. Brome Grasses persists so well in landscapes due to their prolific seed-bearing nature, producing an average of 1000 / m2. The decrease in nutritive value is higher before the first cut compared to subsequent cuts, possibly because of the early flowering habit of the species (Mbwile et al., 1997b). Subscribe to our newsletter for the latest resources on herbicide resistance in Australia. Rhodes Grass is the ideal grass for feeding all ruminant animals. Rhodes grass is used in permanent pastures or in short to medium term ley pastures. Production potential In Australia, sowingChloris gayanaduring late spring is done in order to kill weeds such as spiny burr grass (Cenchrus longispinus) (NSWDPI, 2004). Cornell Univ., Dept. Cobalt concentrations in pasture species grown in several cattle grazing areas of Queensland. There are various genetic varieties of Chloris gayana that exist like Katambora, Pioneer and Callide. To avoid overspray, when spraying keep the nozzle as close to the weed as possible. [3] It has been found to be more persistent on poorer soil than other genetic varieties. Effect of ammonia treatment on chemical composition and dry matter digestibility. Tadesse, Alemu (1990), The Unexploited Potential of Improved Forages in the Mid-Altitude and Lowland Areas of Ethiopia, Institute of Agricultural Research Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In "saline conditions, plant growth is restricted". If the grass is used to make hay, cuttings can be done once a month (Ghl, 1982). Leaves: Leaf blades are hairless except at the base near the stem, and usually of the order of 30 40cm long and 3 5mm wide, tapering to a point. Scotts Lawn Builder 1.3kg Seed & Feed Sun & Shade Lawn Seed. Compare. In a comparison of temperate and tropical forages,Chloris gayanawas found to have an NDF content similar to that of Cenchrus ciliaris,but much higher than that of temperate forage species such as fescue, ryegrass, white clover and alfalfa. The association of Rhodes grass with a number of legumes has been shown to improve yields. Rhodes Grass grows well in sandy soils, and will tolerate soils that are slightly saline. Stems: Smooth and shiny; creeping stems 4 5mm diameter, and upright stems 2 4mm diameter. Sci., 41 (2): 73-81. Rhodes grass contains approximately 2,146,000 uncoated seeds per bulk pound. Growing Locations:Warm Season, Transition Zone Its low oxalate concentration make it a suitable pasture grass for horses while its hay is widespread in . The seed germinates quickly (17 days) depending on temperature. talk to us Learn More Talk to Experts The effect of feeding level on intake and digestibility of Rhodes grass (. Although the light seed is wind dispersed, most seed will fall within five metres of the parent plant, making patch management a viable control option. Got questions? Dairy cows grazing irrigated Rhodes grass pasture (2 to 6 weeks regrowth, after the 2ndor 3rdcut) mulched at least once a year produced more than 14.3 kg/d of milk when supplemented with 5 kg of cereal-based concentrate per cow at a stocking rate up to 3.7 cows/ha (Ehrlich et al., 2003a). Rhodes Grass, also known as Feathertop Rhodes Grass, is a large clumping perennial or annual weed that grows up to 1 m tall. [9] In addition to this, "growing cultivated forages, in association with food crops, can contribute to the improvement of the qualitative and quantitative supply of livestock feed. Dry matter, protein, energy and fibre intake by dairy heifers grazing a Rhodes grass (, Artus, F. ; Champannet, F., 1989. Advantages: Highly palatable, easy to establish, and highly drought tolerant. Its leaves are long and wide, while the roots go deep, down to 4.5m. Seed can germinate within seven days, depending on the temperature, and can cover the ground three months after sowing. We dont blame you! Read more to find out how Farmer Direct brings you the best seed at the best prices. Rhodes grass can be used as permanent pasture or a short- to medium-term pasture ley. An important feature of Chloris gayana is its drought tolerance. Compare. A post-emergence application of 100 kg/ha of urea (= 46 kg/ha N) in pure stands will stimulate more rapid stand development. It is now an emerging weed across the southern and western grains regions of Australia. Rhodes grass. Chloris gayanacan be vegetatively propagated or established from seeds. [5]:2 This too is good for farmers when it comes to covering bare soil. Rhodes grass hay was then able to meet sheep maintenance requirements (x 1.1-1.2) (Mero et al., 1998). Feedipedia is encountering funding shortage. Longer answer: Although Group A herbicides are currently an effective control for feathertop Rhodes grass, resistance is inevitable and field observations suggest it could have already occurred in some paddocks. In Western Australia, Rhodes grass has become one of the most widely sown subtropical grasses since 2000 (Moore, 2006). II. Soc. J. Japan. The culms are tufted or creeping, erect or decumbent, sometimes rooting from the nodes. Ordering more than 250 lbs. The seeds establish readily on a well-prepared seed-bed. The seeds can also remain viable in the soil for up to three years. Annual winter legumes are favoured by heavily grazing the pasture in late summer. Biotech., 4 (20): 2004-2008, Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, G. T. ; Muhammad, I. R., 2008. What can I do to control FTR grass that establishes under the crop? The seeds establish . Even one cent is helpful to us! The spikelets (over 32) are densely imbricated and have two awns. Soil treatment, plant species and management effects on improved pastures on a solodic soil in the semi arid subtropics. Dept. Studies at and in association with the Rowett Research Organization, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK. 1, 69 p. Chaudhry, A. S. ; Cowan, R. T. ; Granzin, B. C. ; Klieve, A. V. ; Lawrence, T. L. J., 2001. Provides nesting cover for game birds It is the most salt-tolerant of the commonly sown tropical grasses, tolerating soil salt levels where electrical conductivity exceeds 10 dS/m. ARHI Insight New boy-band The Feathertop Rhodes, Integrated Weed Management Feathertop Rhodes grass (DAF Qld), Stop ryegrass in its tracks: First step is to prevent seed set. Can be found in garden beds, lawns, roadsides, near wetlands and coastal areas. Soils It is tolerant of Li but not of Mn and Mg (Cook et al., 2005). In Nigeria, when Rhodes grasshay and a concentrate were offeredad libitum,the forage represented 1/3 of the daily DM intake, but this proportion was reduced to 20% when another forage was added in a 3-feed choice design (Iyeghe-Erakpotobor et al., 2006). Silages from tropical forages. Agric. One of the reasons for Rhodes grass's popularity is its ability to adapt to a variety of climatic and soil conditions. Drought Tolerant; Hardy; Sports; Quick view View Product; Elite Backyard Blend $ 45.00 - $ 324.40 incl. It is a leafy grass, 1-2 m in height,highly variable in habit. When to Plant: Recommended planting time is spring and summer when night time temperatures are consistently 65+ degrees. Ensiling of Rhodes grass has been little studied, since it is difficult to ensile due to its high moisture coupled with low contents of water-soluble carbohydrates, similar to other tropical grasses (Parvin et al., 2010). [5]:3. Milk production on fertilized grasslands and grass and legume pastures grazed continuously or rotationally. The fruit is a caryopsis, longitudinally grooved (FAO, 2014; Quattrocchi, 2006; Moore, 2006; Cook et al., 2005; Duke, 1983). Progressive Seeds Pty Ltd Awnless Barnyard Grass is a low-growing tufted weed that grows up to 1 m tall. However, hay alone is unlikely to meet the nutritional requirements of productive ruminants and must, therefore, be supplemented (Mero et al., 1998;Mtenga et al., 1990; Mupangwa et al., 2000; Osuga et al., 2012). A first limitation of the nutritive value of matureChloris gayanahay is its low intake by livestock when compared to hays of other tropical grass species. Improvement of nutritive value of tropical grasses by physical or chemical treatment. Rhodes grass as fresh forage or hay can be safely used in rabbit feeding but only as a fibre source, as shown by the following trials. Effects of inoculation with lactic acid bacteria on the bacterial communities of Italian ryegrass, whole crop maize, guinea grass and rhodes grass silages. Ability to spread Compare. A high number of seeds are produced per plant and are quick to germinate after a rain event, making it difficult to control. Sci., Plants poisonous to livestock. Improvement of nutritive value of tropical grasses by physical or chemical treatment. [12]:2 Chloris gayana can also be mixed with legumes such as cowpea, stylo, and alfalfa which also improves soil nutrient levels. Res. 2018 All Right Reserved. FTR grass is moving rapidly along roadsides and most invasions occur from a boundary fence, with seed blown into a paddock. Symposium sur l'alimentation des ruminants en milieu tropical (du 02/06/1987 au 06/06/1987; Pointe-a-Pitre (FRA)) INRA, Barry, G. A., 1984. In Australia, with Friesian-Holstein heifers, a comparison of Rhodes grass cut at two stages of maturity (60 and 100 days) and treated with CaO, NaOH or a microbial inoculant before ensiling found that only NaOH treatment allowed a 25% increase of DM intake for mature grass silage and increased itsin saccodigestibility. E. Afr. In Zimbabwe, with East African goats, supplementation of a low protein Rhodes grass hay (7% DM) with 100 g/d of maize grain and 25% of legumes (Cassia rotundifolia, Lablab purpureus or Macroptilium atropurpureum, 12% DM of protein) increased daily gain, total intake and the supply of microbial nitrogen for absorption in the lower intestinal tract (Mupangwa et al., 2000). If you have any questions, fill out the form below, and one of our qualified experts will be in touch as soon as possible! Feed resources in Ethiopia. It was introduced as stock feed or fodder for cattle sheep. Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). Rhodes grass cultivars are one of our key areas of excellence. Production levels decline without a vigorous legume or the use of fertiliser nitrogen. Bermuda Couch Grass Seed $ 51.90 - $ 634.00 incl. Grasses: NuCal guinea grass, buffel grass, green and gatton panics, setaria. NSWDPI, 2004. In fact, it can be tricky to even locate buffalo grass seeds, let alone undertaking the growing procedure. It forms small clumps of bluish-green stems and leaf blades between 5-25 cm long. Makes good hay if cut at or just before very early flowering. Rhodes Grass is considered a major pest and is widespread along eastern parts of Australia. . Alternatively, for a weedkiller that is suitable for use in organic gardens spray with Yates Nature's Way Organic Weed Spray. Central Research Station, Mazabuka, N. Rhodesia, Work, S. H., 1937. 1982, 104. Rhodes Grass can produce forage for livestock and wildlife, and provide nesting cover for game birds. Each seed-head has several branches (5-10 cm long) that radiate from the same point. Chloris gayana roots are able to extract water at a depth of 4.25 meters. Due to its fast-growing nature, high drought tolerance and ease of seed dispersal, it has quickly become a major threat to our biodiversity by out-competing native species. CSIRO, DPI&F(Qld), CIAT and ILRI, Brisbane, Australia, Cornell University, 2014. Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritive value of certain forage plants at medium altitudes in the tropics I. Share it with your friends so they can enjoy it too! A., 1983. Young growth is very palatable, particularly in Callide. Cattle liveweight gains. Production may effect with mild drought period if it is cultivated for forage purpose. However,Chloris gayanawas shown to outcompete summer weeds and has been considered helpful for controlling their development (Moore, 2006). 1988, 17, 330 333, Shimojo, M. ; Goto, I., 1990. Young Rhodes grass of 4 weeks of regrowth or less was found to have a highin vitroOM digestibility of 70-80% (Mbwile et al., 1997a;Mero et al., 1997), which decreased to 50% after 10 weeks of regrowth (Mero et al., 1997). Barnyard Grasses are a common weed of lawns, garden beds, crops and pastures, drains and waterways. [11] Farmers should be aware of this in order to make sure that they can take full advantage of this type of grass. Rhodes grass is known to be a selenium accumulator, and, when grown on selenium-rich soils, its selenium content can cause mortality or morbidity in livestock (NSWDPI, 2004). It is a stoloniferous grass spreading by means of stolons or runners. Nutgrass is a common weed in lawns, garden beds, parks and pastures, and favours moist and boggy soils. Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). Once established, Rhodes Grass is extremely drought-tolerant, and does not tolerate cold temperatures. They flourish in cool conditions and can grow 50-90 cm in height, although they are often shorter in lawn situations. I. Once on a property it can spread easily on machinery and along irrigation channels.. To avoid overspray, when spraying keep the nozzle as close to the weed as possible. Call us at, $33.99 per acre. Rep. Hawaii agric. Scotts Lawn Builder 4kg Buffalo Slow Release Lawn Fertiliser. Rhodes Grass grows well in sandy soils, and will tolerate soils that are slightly saline. The compositions and nutritive values of Tanganyika feeding stuffs. J. Japan. FTR grass is an annual plant that flowers within three to four weeks of germinating and will keep tillering and producing seed while soil moisture is available, he says. Rhodes grass grows on a wide range of soils from poor sandy soils to heavy clayey alkaline and saline soils (more than 10 dS/m). Sowing/planting rates as single species New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, AgNote DPI-298, 3rd Ed. This salt tolerance is particularly valuable in irrigated pastures where it can be cultivated without problem. FAO, Division de Production et Sant Animale, Roma, Italy, Haffar, I. ; Alhadrami, G., 1997. Any herbicide program that relies heavily on one or two herbicide modes of action for a target weed is bound to fail eventually. Lawn Builder 4kg Scotts Starter Slow Release Lawn Fertiliser. Rhodes grass is a perennial or annual tropical grass, leafy, approximately 1-2m in height, and highly variable in habit. The plants have shallow root systems and are easy to remove. Its seasonal growth is in the spring and summer and its rainfall requirement is 600750mm per year. They're found in lawns, garden beds, verges and pastures. 1. Reapply every 10-14 days if regrowth occurs. Seeds: Light and fluffy, 3.5 mm long, each bearing a long (Callide) or short (other cultivars) awn (bristle); 4 million (Katambora) or 7 10 million (other cultivars) seeds/kg. Short answer: Physical removal of isolated plants, patch cultivation, burning and optical spray technology. Plants can spread into neighbouring areas via their creeping stems or stolons. Make sure your soil doesn't have any rocks, scattered debris or grass in it. None of the treatments had positive effects on the in vivo nutritive value or storage quality of young Chloris gayana silage (Chaudhry et al., 2001). In Tanzania, goats fed a low proteinChloris gayanahay (5.7-7.7% DM) were supplemented with concentrates containing between 10-18% DM protein. Get in touch and well help you choose the right Rhodes grass for your production goals, 11 Grevillea Street, Pittsworth QLD Australia. Les aliments du btail sous les tropiques. The inflorescences are finely branched, with small ovoid flower spikelets (3mm long) which can be green, purplish or red. Hay cut earlier (for example at 21 days regrowth) may have a protein content of about 15% DM, close to that of fresh grass (Tagari et al., 1977). Exp. If you don't want Ryegrass in your lawn, and spot-spraying is not practical, you will need to consider installing a new lawn. All are generally less affected than are green or gatton panics. (2) $29 .89. Widely adapted, depending on variety. Theyre also well adapted to low rainfall and because of their aggressive root systems, they can outcompete other crops and vegetation for water and nutrients. Personal communication. There are some practical tips that farmers should be aware of when it comes to harvesting Chloris gayana. 21-40, Leng, R. A., 1990. Chloris gayanais characterized by the particularly low nutritive value of the stems compared to the leaves (Mbwile et al., 1997a; Mero et al., 1997; Milford et al., 1968). The nutritive value peaks before bloom and then quickly declines. In order to improve stand longevity through seedlings, newly established stands should be allowed to flower and set seeds before being grazed (FAO, 2014; Cook et al., 2005; NSWDPI, 2004). It is native to Africa but it can be found throughout the tropical and subtropical world as a naturalized species. Mature plant height is two to four feet. What are the herbicide control options for feathertop Rhodes grass? Food Western Australia. The digestibility and nutritive value of three grasses at different stages of growth. However, cows stocked at stocking rates higher than 3.5 cows/ha could not maintain live-weight during the 18-week experiment, and it was recommended to increase the level of supplementation for high stocking rates (Ehrlich et al., 2003b). Rhodes grass readily establishes and provides cover within 3 months of sowing (Moore, 2006). Optimal annual rainfall is about 600-750 mm with a summer-rainfall period (Ecocrop, 2014; Moore, 2006; Cook et al., 2005). Observe the area closely as this disturbance can cause new shoots to arise if there is any regrowth, treat as soon as possible. Effects of supplementing a basal diet of, Murphy, S., 2010. As Brome Grasses spread by seeds, its important to prevent seed set and control early in the season with a suitable weedkiller. Grassland Index. Grassl. Footnotes. GST. Feed Sci. Anim. Rhodes grass seeds are about three-eighths-of-an-inch long with an average seeding rate at about 18 to 20 pounds/acre - either broadcast or shallow drilled. one of the best After-Sales Services in Africa & the Middle East. Scotts Lawn Builder 2.5kg Seed And Turf Starter Slow Release Fertiliser. Grazing/cutting Plants can grow up to 1 m high, but when young or in a lawn situation they grow flat to the ground. Ask One of OurExperts Today! It has an attractive blue-green color which can turn slightly purple in the Queensland Winter. "[10]:38 Intercropping Chloris gayana with a food crop is a practical method farmers can use when it comes to sustainable agricultural development. Ecocrop database. Seeding rates: New Lawns: 10 grams per square meter (2kgs/100m2). pap., Samaru (Nigeria), No. Acute toxicity occurs at 3 mg of selenium per kg BW in cattle and causes death within a few days after intoxication, with no known treatment. Technol., 160 (3-4): 160-166, Perez Infante, F. ; Nunez, M., 1983. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the grasses, Valenzuela, H. ; Smith, J., 2002. In Kenya and Tanzania,in vivo OM digestibility and intake of Rhodes grass by dairy cows or heifers decreased with increasing maturity after the first cut (Abate et al., 1981;Mbwile et al., 1997b). Using it as a cover crop improves soil structure, water infiltration and water-holding capacity, and its development lowers soil temperature during summer (Valenzuela et al., 2002). Sowing time Tetraploids are generally more palatable due to increased sugar content. A., 1988. in length, which turn green and light brown at maturity. Just be careful not to spray nearby lawns or plants as it may injure or kill them. with Andrew Storrie, Agronomist, Agronomo. Less work is required to maintain this grass which means that the farmers can focus on other priorities. Heuz V., Tran G., Boudon A., Lebas F., 2016. The seed head has an open hand shape and encompasses 2-10 one-sided or double-sided racemes, 4-15 cm long. Rhodes Grass grows well in sandy soils, and will tolerate soils that are slightly saline. Seeds: Light and fluffy, 3.5 mm long, each bearing a long ('Callide') or short (other cultivars) awn (bristle); 4 million ('Katambora') or 7 - 10 million (other cultivars) seeds/kg.